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Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 554

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 595

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 535

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Theme::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-theme.php on line 544

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/comment-template.php on line 1745

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetExists($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 960

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetGet($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 980

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetSet($offset, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 992

Deprecated: Return type of WP_REST_Request::offsetUnset($offset) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/rest-api/class-wp-rest-request.php on line 1003

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 151

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 175

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 164

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 186

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 138

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetExists($index) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetExists(mixed $offset): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 75

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetGet($index) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetGet(mixed $offset): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 89

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetSet($index, $value) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetSet(mixed $offset, mixed $value): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 110

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::offsetUnset($index) should either be compatible with ArrayAccess::offsetUnset(mixed $offset): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 127

Deprecated: Return type of WP_Block_List::count() should either be compatible with Countable::count(): int, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-block-list.php on line 199

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Cookie_Notice::$options is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/cookie-notice/cookie-notice.php on line 141

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Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/duplicator-pro/addons/probase/src/License/Notices.php on line 100

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/updraftplus/class-updraftplus.php on line 955

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/updraftplus/class-updraftplus.php on line 955

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/updraftplus/class-updraftplus.php on line 1528

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/updraftplus/class-updraftplus.php on line 2267

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/updraftplus/class-updraftplus.php on line 3112

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/updraftplus/class-updraftplus.php on line 3118

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/updraftplus/class-updraftplus.php on line 3236

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/wp-super-cache/wp-cache-phase2.php on line 2949

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/wp-super-cache/wp-cache-phase2.php on line 2973

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/wp-super-cache/wp-cache-phase2.php on line 3014

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property Cookie_Notice_Settings::$revoke_opts is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/cookie-notice/includes/settings.php on line 58

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/so-widgets-bundle/base/inc/widgets/base-slider.class.php on line 608

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: DateTime::__construct(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($datetime) of type string is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/script-loader.php on line 333

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Block_Type::$skip_inner_blocks is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp-block-type.php on line 347

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_pos is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 29

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: trim(): Passing null to parameter #1 ($string) of type string is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/class-wp.php on line 173

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Logement social : les enjeux du modèle français, de Jean Bosvieux et Bernard Coloos – Politique du logement.com
Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$is_overloaded is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 26

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property POMO_FileReader::$_f is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/streams.php on line 160

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property MO::$_gettext_select_plural_form is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/pomo/translations.php on line 293

Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-dashboard-for-wp/includes/frontend/tracking/class-tracking-gtag.php on line 149

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Deprecated: Using ${var} in strings is deprecated, use {$var} instead in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-content/plugins/google-analytics-dashboard-for-wp/includes/frontend/tracking/class-tracking-gtag.php on line 165
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class="post-template-default single single-post postid-9785 single-format-standard wide">

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$category_description is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/category.php on line 380

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$category_nicename is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/category.php on line 382

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$category_parent is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/category.php on line 383

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$cat_ID is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/category.php on line 378

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$category_description is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/category.php on line 380

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$cat_name is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/category.php on line 381

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$category_nicename is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/category.php on line 382

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$cat_ID is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/category.php on line 378

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$category_description is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/category.php on line 380

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$category_nicename is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/category.php on line 382

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Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$category_description is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/category.php on line 380

Deprecated: Creation of dynamic property WP_Term::$cat_name is deprecated in /home/webpmefrjv/logement/wp-includes/category.php on line 381

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Logement social : les enjeux du modèle français, de Jean Bosvieux et Bernard Coloos


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Imprimer
« Logement social : les enjeux du modèle français », Jean Bosvieux & Bernard Coloos, Institut pour l’innovation économique et sociale, éditions Humensis, juillet 2021. Préface de Jean-Louis Borloo.

Cet ouvrage donne un panorama complet de ce secteur au modèle de financement particulier et solide. Il montre le rôle fondamental du parc social en France, notamment en tant que régulateur des marchés du logement. Aucun sujet n’est éludé : on y trouve les questions qui fâchent et celles qui, au fil de l’histoire, ont fait consensus. Aucun acteur n’est épargné.
Le ton assuré, la capacité à mettre en lumière des divergences de vue et l’approche documentée feront probablement de cet ouvrage un texte de référence pour celles et ceux qui veulent découvrir le monde complexe du logement social.
À quelques mois de l’élection présidentielle de 2022, on ne peut douter de l’intention des auteurs, experts du sujet, de mettre la politique du logement au cœur des débats à venir. Arrêtons-nous sur quelques points.
Comme dans tout ouvrage pédagogique, le premier chapitre place le sujet dans son histoire (la construction de masse des années 50, la politique de la ville notamment) et dans son contexte actuel, en rappelant les chiffres-clés relatifs au parc et aux bailleurs HLM dont les activités sont encadrées. « Avec 5,1 millions de logements, le parc locatif social français est le plus important d’Europe en nombre (…). Il loge un sixième des ménages résidents. » Les auteurs rappellent que la définition même du logement social a fait l’objet de polémiques, notamment dans les années 90. Ils insistent sur l’hétérogénéité du parc, sa répartition territoriale inégale ainsi que sur la jungle des financements qu’il subit et qui conduit à des disparités non pas liées à la qualité du logement ou à sa localisation mais à son financement initial.
Cette question du financement, et donc du modèle, est largement abordée sous différents angles : l’organisation même du secteur et la multiplicité des bailleurs (« on voit mal ce qui, aujourd’hui, peut encore justifier la pluralité de statut des organismes », écrivent les auteurs), les enjeux en matière de financiarisation à la lumière d’exemples étrangers et la politique des loyers.
Sur ce dernier item, le rappel de l’objectif de la réforme de 1978 a son importance. Il s’agissait en effet de « substituer à l’aide à la pierre la solvabilisation des locataires par l’aide personnelle au logement ». Pour les auteurs, la réforme n’a jamais été appliquée intégralement : « non seulement les aides à la pierre ont subsisté, mais on a continué à produire des logements à loyers différenciés », la hiérarchie des loyers sans rapport avec la qualité des logements ayant par ailleurs des effets pervers. Différentes démarches ont été menées pour y remédier mais elles ont tourné court, précisent-ils. Pour eux, « la réduction de loyer de solidarité (RLS) [loi de finances 2018], mise en place pour des raisons budgétaires, a achevé de rendre la politique des loyers illisible ». Sans nier le coût potentiel d’une telle décision, ils proposent de « redéfinir le rôle de l’aide personnelle, ce qui impliquerait d’en revoir le barème » et de supprimer la RLS. L’objectif final serait ainsi d’adapter vraiment le loyer aux ressources des locataires, en particulier dans le cadre du logement d’abord qui vise à loger celles et ceux qui n’ont pas ou peu de moyens. Vu l’insuffisance du nombre de PLAI (les logements avec les loyers les plus bas), cette solution permettrait de remédier à cette faiblesse quantitative et de mieux gérer la mixité à l’intérieur d’un même immeuble par exemple.
Parmi les autres points de débat figure la question cruciale des attributions et des publics prioritaires dans un contexte de paupérisation et de vieillissement des locataires du parc social (« plus de la moitié ont dépassé 50 ans »). Au-delà de la transparence nécessaire sur ces sujets polémiques, les auteurs insistent sur la difficulté de répondre à des contraintes inconciliables à première vue. « Faut-il loger uniquement les plus démunis (…) ? Doit-on au contraire faire prévaloir la mixité, au risque d’écarter une part importante des ménages les plus fragiles ? Peut-on, position défendue par le monde patronal au nom de la lutte contre le chômage, reconnaître comme critère prioritaire parmi d’autres, la mobilité professionnelle ? » Cela renvoie à l’enjeu majeur de la mixité sociale, notion floue là aussi avec des règles parfois contradictoires.
Par ailleurs, les auteurs défendent le rôle régulateur du parc social vu sa contribution à l’offre globale : « les décisions politiques concernant le parc local social ont des répercutions, parfois violentes, sur le marché locatif privé ». Pour eux, la pérennité de cette fonction de régulation constitue un enjeu majeur. Ils n’hésitent pas à pointer les fragilités du système dans cette période de contraintes budgétaires et où le poids des aides publiques s’érode. Il apparaît toutefois clairement qu’il est nécessaire de préserver le modèle de financement des HLM, ce qui n’est pas antinomique avec la volonté d’engager ou de poursuivre des réformes fortes pour maintenir les investissements à haut niveau. On revient d’ailleurs à la question de la RLS dont l’impact sur la trésorerie des organismes est mis en évidence.
Parmi les pistes, la financiarisation constitue un « miroir aux alouettes » et la vente HLM reste à manier avec précaution. Les expériences étrangères – Allemagne, Pays-Bas, Angleterre – bien décrites, dans leurs différences et leurs objectifs, montrent que l’approche par le marché a des effets pervers sur l’occupation des logements sociaux et des limites du fait notamment de l’importance du parc social dans l’offre globale, comme évoqué précédemment.
Quant aux possibilités d’apports en fonds propres pour aider les organismes HLM (émissions de titres participatifs, création de fonds ou de véhicules d’investissement, entrée d’investisseurs privés au capital des ESH et des SEM, capacité pour des acteurs privés de détenir et gérer des logements sociaux), leur usage à grande échelle apparaît dangereux au sens où ces techniques « pourraient remettre en cause le modèle français de logement social » avec un risque manifeste de déconventionnement. Les auteurs mentionnent des idées déjà évoquées dans des rapports ou textes récents et qui peuvent faire référence à des formules en place à l’étranger comme par exemple, la création d’un nouveau statut de bailleur social sous la forme d’une foncière d’habitat social. Cette option qui existe aux Pays-Bas permettrait de rémunérer les actionnaires et pourrait être ouverte, à titre optionnel, aux ESH et aux SEM.
La lecture des paragraphes sur les besoins en logement et leur nécessaire adéquation à la réalité des territoires, comme à la réalité de la demande, confirme l’importance des flux d’investissement et la nécessité, pour les bailleurs, de disposer de fonds propres suffisants pour équilibrer les opérations, sachant que les efforts à fournir portent certes sur le neuf mais également sur la réhabilitation du parc existant, sujet majeur également évoqué dans le livre.
Parce que les défis auxquels est confronté le monde HLM sont « de taille », et donc « par nature difficiles à concilier », ce livre pose clairement les enjeux en matière de logement, sujet régalien, au cœur de l’État-providence. Même si l’on peut regretter que certains chiffres datent de 2006 ou 2013 ou relever des manques comme les enjeux en matière de transition écologique (étiquettes énergétiques du parc par exemple) et numérique, les rappels historiques apparaissent essentiels pour la mise en perspective économique ou politique des questions posées. Entre vache à lait potentielle et risque de confiscation par les acteurs locaux, l’outil que constitue le logement social ne peut fonctionner sous les coups de boutoirs budgétaires ou les injonctions ponctuelles sans vision de moyen et long-termes. Le sujet du logement est trop important pour être malmené.

Claire Guidi
Juillet 2021

Claire Guidi

Chargée de mission auprès du président de la Fédération française du bâtiment


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