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{"id":9271,"date":"2021-08-05T17:53:05","date_gmt":"2021-08-05T15:53:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/?p=9271"},"modified":"2021-08-05T17:54:07","modified_gmt":"2021-08-05T15:54:07","slug":"le-barometre-qualitel-de-qualite-des-logements","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/2021\/08\/le-barometre-qualitel-de-qualite-des-logements\/","title":{"rendered":"Le barom\u00e8tre Qualitel de qualit\u00e9 des logements"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00c9tat des lieux du logement des fran\u00e7ais, une enqu\u00eate in\u00e9dite pour analyser la qualit\u00e9 r\u00e9elle des logements, de l\u2019Association QUALITEL pour la qualit\u00e9 du logement.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Le Barom\u00e8tre QUALITEL fournit depuis 2017 le point de vue de l\u2019habitant sur sa perception de la qualit\u00e9 et des usages du logement. Il vient d\u2019\u00eatre enrichi par un \u00ab Etat des lieux du logement des Fran\u00e7ais \u00bb\u00a0 r\u00e9alis\u00e9 \u00e0 partir d\u2019une enqu\u00eate de terrain sur 1 000 logements repr\u00e9sentatifs du parc fran\u00e7ais. 75 enqu\u00eateurs \u00e9quip\u00e9s d\u2019outils de mesure (hygro-thermom\u00e8tre, thermom\u00e8tre, m\u00e8tre laser, boussole, etc.) ont ainsi mesur\u00e9 ou observ\u00e9 cent indicateurs, tels que la temp\u00e9rature, la taille des fen\u00eatres, la superficie des pi\u00e8ces principales et des chambres, la pr\u00e9sence et l\u2019\u00e9tat d\u2019un syst\u00e8me de ventilation, la pr\u00e9sence de\u00a0 moisissures, le mode de chauffage, la pr\u00e9sence ou non d\u2019isolation, le type de serrure.
\nLa quantit\u00e9 d\u2019informations est sans commune mesure avec celles qui sont disponibles dans les recensements et les enqu\u00eates Logement de l\u2019Insee, les fichiers administratifs (Filocom) ou les bases notariales sur les transactions immobili\u00e8res. En outre, leur qualit\u00e9 est sup\u00e9rieure car elles sont fournies par des professionnels qui ont visit\u00e9 les logements et non recueillies \u00e0 distance \u00e0 partir de d\u00e9clarations des occupants.
\nCette richesse a bien s\u00fbr un co\u00fbt \u00e9lev\u00e9 et comme in\u00e9vitable contrepartie une faible\u00a0 taille d\u2019\u00e9chantillon qui ne permet pas d\u2019utiliser des crit\u00e8res de tri\u00a0trop d\u00e9taill\u00e9s ni de les croiser. Ainsi l\u2019\u00e9poque de construction ne distingue-t-elle que quatre cat\u00e9gories de logements selon qu\u2019ils datent d\u2019avant 1945, des ann\u00e9es 1945-1979, 1980-2009, ou d\u2019apr\u00e8s 2009. Le commentaire est d\u2019ailleurs parfois trompeur dans la mesure o\u00f9 il \u00e9voque des \u00e9volutions dans le temps. Celles-ci sont probables mais non certaines car les logements anciens qui survivent actuellement n\u2019ont probablement pas les m\u00eames caract\u00e9ristiques que celles que l\u2019on aurait observ\u00e9es autrefois sur un \u00e9chantillon repr\u00e9sentatif dans son \u00e9tat d\u2019alors. Deux raisons \u00e0 cela\u00a0: d\u2019une part, la disparition ou le changement d\u2019affectation d\u2019une partie du parc ancien\u00a0; d\u2019autre part, les divers travaux qui ont am\u00e9lior\u00e9 le confort des logements survivants. Ces consid\u00e9rations doivent inciter \u00e0 nuancer les conclusions du type \u00ab\u00a0c\u2019\u00e9tait mieux avant \u00bb, surtout lorsque l\u2019on regarde les donn\u00e9es relatives au parc construit avant 1945.
\nOn peut ainsi se demander quelle part de la forte baisse de la hauteur sous plafond des appartements entre avant et apr\u00e8s 1945 peut \u00eatre imput\u00e9e \u00e0 la disparition des logements les plus m\u00e9diocres. La baisse de 10 cm entre la hauteur moyenne sous plafond des appartements de la p\u00e9riode 1945-79 et celle des plus r\u00e9cents est quant \u00e0 elle peu contestable (tableau 1).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/em>Si la surface des s\u00e9jours reste stable, celle des chambres tend au contraire \u00e0 diminuer. Cette affirmation est toutefois \u00e0 nuancer\u00a0si l\u2019on se limite \u00e0 l\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre pour les raisons d\u00e9j\u00e0 expos\u00e9es : pour les maisons, la baisse est nette sur la p\u00e9riode r\u00e9cente, mais, pour les appartements, on est plus proche de la stabilit\u00e9 (tableau 2).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/h3>\n

Parmi les tendances qui se dessinent le plus nettement, on signalera la pr\u00e9sence de plus en plus fr\u00e9quente d\u2019un balcon ou d\u2019une terrasse dans les appartements et la quasi-disparition des caves et des greniers dans les maisons comme dans les appartements les plus r\u00e9cents (tableau 3).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Nos salles de bain \u00e9voluent aussi\u00a0: plus gourmande en eau et en surface, mais aussi moins accessible pour les personnes \u00e2g\u00e9es, la baignoire perd du terrain sur la douche, une inversion de tendance qui se manifeste sur la p\u00e9riode la plus r\u00e9cente (tableau 4).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

L\u2019efficacit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique fait bien s\u00fbr l\u2019objet d\u2019une attention particuli\u00e8re, qu\u2019il s\u2019agisse du mode de chauffage ou de l\u2019isolation.
\nDans les maisons, les \u00e9nergies fossiles se rar\u00e9fient, surtout le fioul qui a disparu des constructions r\u00e9centes et est rattrap\u00e9 par le bois (graphique 1). Les \u00e9nergies renouvelables se d\u00e9veloppent\u00a0: 25% des logements r\u00e9cents sont \u00e9quip\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019origine d\u2019une pompe \u00e0 chaleur pour le chauffage et 39% disposent de chauffe-eaux thermodynamiques ou solaires.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>
Source : QUALITEL<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Dans les appartements, le chauffage \u00e9lectrique individuel reste pr\u00e9dominant (40% globalement) mais le chauffage aliment\u00e9 par un r\u00e9seau (gaz ou chauffage urbain) domine sur la p\u00e9riode r\u00e9cente, ce qui contraste fortement avec la pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente (graphique 2).<\/p>\n

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Source: QUALITEL<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Tous les logements construits apr\u00e8s 2009 b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient d\u2019une isolation thermique, int\u00e9rieure ou ext\u00e9rieure\u00a0; ceux de la p\u00e9riode 1945-1979 en sont les moins pourvus (68%). Le double ou triple vitrage s\u2019est impos\u00e9 et \u00e9quipe 94% du parc. Quant \u00e0 la climatisation, sa pr\u00e9sence est tr\u00e8s faible (9%), \u00e0 l\u2019exception de la zone climatique m\u00e9diterran\u00e9enne (19%). A comparer aux 90% des Etats-Unis, qui ne b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient toutefois pas du m\u00eame climat temp\u00e9r\u00e9.
\nBien que la ventilation dans les pi\u00e8ces humides soit devenue la norme (81% des salles de bain principales en b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient), les moisissures visibles \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153il nu affectent 43% des chambres et 44% des salles d\u2019eau. Le taux d\u2019humidit\u00e9 dans les chambres d\u00e9passe 60% dans environ une maison sur trois, quelle que soit sa p\u00e9riode de construction\u00a0; elle est sensiblement inf\u00e9rieure dans les appartements\u00a0: 23% parmi les plus r\u00e9cents, contre 35% pour les maisons.
\nEnfin Qualitel s\u2019est int\u00e9ress\u00e9 \u00e0 la connexion internet\u00a0et constate l\u2019existence d\u2019une triple fracture num\u00e9rique\u00a0: celle-ci est \u00e0 la fois territoriale, g\u00e9n\u00e9rationnelle et sociale. L\u2019Est et le Sud-Est ne b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient pas encore du haut d\u00e9bit. Le haut d\u00e9bit progresse tandis que le bidet r\u00e9gresse. Evitons cependant toute conclusion h\u00e2tive quant \u00e0 leur caract\u00e8re substituable.<\/p>\n

Claude Taffin<\/strong>
\nAo\u00fbt 2021<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00c9tat des lieux du logement des fran\u00e7ais, une enqu\u00eate in\u00e9dite pour analyser la qualit\u00e9 r\u00e9elle des logements, de l\u2019Association QUALITEL pour la qualit\u00e9 du logement.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[139],"tags":[101,60],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9271"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9271"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9271\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9329,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9271\/revisions\/9329"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9271"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9271"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9271"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}