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{"id":8113,"date":"2021-01-13T10:36:29","date_gmt":"2021-01-13T09:36:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/?p=8113"},"modified":"2021-05-05T10:49:00","modified_gmt":"2021-05-05T08:49:00","slug":"rapport-hcc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/2021\/01\/rapport-hcc\/","title":{"rendered":"Rapport du HCC : \u00ab\u00a0R\u00e9nover mieux. Le\u00e7ons d\u2019Europe\u00a0\u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"

Rapport du Haut conseil pour le climat[1]<\/a> (https:\/\/www.hautconseilclimat.fr\/publications\/renover-mieux-lecons-deurope\/<\/a>)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ce rapport r\u00e9pond \u00e0 une demande du gouvernement\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0d\u2019\u00e9tudier les politiques et mesures en mati\u00e8re de r\u00e9novation thermique [mais aussi \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, climatique et environnementale] des b\u00e2timents mises en place dans les principaux \u00c9tats membres de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne\u00a0\u00bb. Il s\u2019int\u00e9resse donc non seulement \u00e0 l\u2019isolation des b\u00e2timents, mais aussi aux syst\u00e8mes de chauffage et aux types d\u2019\u00e9nergie utilis\u00e9s et \u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019ensemble des enjeux\u00a0 environnementaux de la r\u00e9novation\u00a0\u00bb. Quatre pays ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tudi\u00e9s, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 la demande\u00a0: l\u2019Allemagne, le Royaume-Uni, les Pays-Bas et la Su\u00e8de. Le rapport a pour objet de tirer des le\u00e7ons des exp\u00e9riences \u00e9trang\u00e8res, de leurs r\u00e9ussites comme de leurs \u00e9checs. Il faut \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard rappeler que les politiques de r\u00e9novation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques de ces pays et de la France, tous membres de l\u2019UE, s\u2019inscrivent dans un cadre et une strat\u00e9gie communs. La commission europ\u00e9enne a notamment pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 en septembre dernier un \u00ab\u00a0plan pour rehausser son ambition de r\u00e9duction des \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne, soit de passer de -40 % \u00e0 entre -50 et -55 % d\u2019ici \u00e0 2030 par rapport aux niveaux de 1990\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0 Ces objectifs sont plus ambitieux que ceux de la strat\u00e9gie nationale bas carbone (SNBC) fran\u00e7aise. Or, le rapport le rappelle, \u00ab\u00a0la France a d\u00e9j\u00e0 accumul\u00e9 un retard important sur la trajectoire de la SNBC dans ce secteur [la r\u00e9novation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique des b\u00e2timents]\u00a0\u00bb.
\nIl constate en effet que \u00ab\u00a0En tenant compte des diff\u00e9rences de climat et de surface de logement dans le secteur r\u00e9sidentiel, la France appara\u00eet comme ayant les logements les moins performants\u00a0\u00bb par rapport aux autres pays \u00e9tudi\u00e9s. Le graphique ci-dessous montre en effet que la consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique par m\u00e8tre carr\u00e9 pour le chauffage des logements est en France de 40% sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle de l\u2019Union et plus de deux fois plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e qu\u2019en Su\u00e8de\u00a0! Elle est, certes, en diminution r\u00e9guli\u00e8re mais reste sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle des autres pays \u00e9tudi\u00e9s.<\/p>\n

Graphique 1 – Consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique par m\u00e8tre carr\u00e9 du chauffage des logements transpos\u00e9e au climat moyen dans l\u2019UE.
\n
\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

En mati\u00e8re d\u2019\u00e9missions de CO2 pour le chauffage r\u00e9sidentiel (graphique 2), elle est en revanche dans la moyenne, si l\u2019on met de cot\u00e9 la Su\u00e8de o\u00f9 elles sont pratiquement nulles. Le rapport pr\u00e9cise que le fait d\u2019inclure les \u00e9missions li\u00e9es \u00e0 la production d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 change assez peu les r\u00e9sultats.<\/p>\n

Graphique 2 – \u00c9missions directes de CO2 par m2 pour le chauffage r\u00e9sidentiel transpos\u00e9 au climat moyen de l\u2019UE
\n
\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

R\u00e9duction de la consommation et d\u00e9carbonation des \u00e9nergies<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Toutefois, la baisse de la consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique des b\u00e2timents n\u2019est qu\u2019un des moyens d\u2019am\u00e9liorer les \u00e9missions. Celles-ci d\u00e9pendent \u00e9galement des \u00e9nergies utilis\u00e9es pour les usages individuels, mais aussi pour la production d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 et de chaleur par des r\u00e9seaux collectifs. C\u2019est ce que rappelle la Commission europ\u00e9enne, qui encourage les Etats membres \u00e0 chercher un \u00ab \u00e9quilibre \u00e9conomique entre la d\u00e9carbonation de l\u2019approvisionnement en \u00e9nergie et la r\u00e9duction de la consommation finale d\u2019\u00e9nergie \u00bb. Ce sont donc ces deux dimensions qui sont \u00e9tudi\u00e9es pour chacun des pays.
\nLa d\u00e9carbonation\u00a0implique en effet de profonds changements, d\u2019une part dans la r\u00e9partition des \u00e9nergies utilis\u00e9es dans les b\u00e2timents\u00a0– baisse voire diminution, \u00e0 terme, de la part du charbon, du fioul et du gaz naturel, au profit de l\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9 et des \u00e9nergies renouvelables -, d\u2019autre part dans le choix des \u00e9nergies primaires utilis\u00e9es pour la production d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9.
\nA cet \u00e9gard, la Su\u00e8de se distingue tr\u00e8s nettement des autres pays. Elle a en effet d\u00e9j\u00e0 atteint une d\u00e9carbonation quasi-totale des \u00e9nergies utilis\u00e9es pour le chauffage par le biais du d\u00e9veloppement massif des r\u00e9seaux de chaleur, dont la production n\u2019utilise que tr\u00e8s peu d\u2019\u00e9nergie fossile (il en va de m\u00eame de la production d\u2019\u00e9lectricit\u00e9). C\u2019est le r\u00e9sultat d\u2019une politique de tr\u00e8s long terme initi\u00e9e d\u00e8s la fin des ann\u00e9es 70. La Su\u00e8de a \u00e9galement \u00e9t\u00e9 en avance pour l\u2019imposition de normes de performance et d\u2019isolation.
\nChacun des pays \u00e9tudi\u00e9s fait l\u2019objet d\u2019une fiche d\u00e9crivant notamment la situation actuelle en mati\u00e8re de consommation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et d\u2019\u00e9missions, les objectifs poursuivi en mati\u00e8re de r\u00e9novation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, les principales mesures visant \u00e0 les atteindre et les le\u00e7ons \u00e0 tirer de leur mise en \u0153uvre et des r\u00e9sultats obtenus. Nous n\u2019en donnerons pas ici le d\u00e9tail, pr\u00e9f\u00e9rant nous concentrer sur les pr\u00e9conisations qui en d\u00e9coulent.<\/p>\n

Am\u00e9liorer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des aides<\/strong><\/h3>\n

La convention citoyenne pour le climat a conclu, rappelle le rapport, que la massification de la r\u00e9novation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique n\u00e9cessite de multiplier au moins par deux l\u2019investissement annuel total, ce qui implique de quadrupler le soutien public et de r\u00e9partir \u00e9quitablement les co\u00fbts sur les m\u00e9nages. Le HCC estime, \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard, que les aides actuelles \u00ab\u00a0ne ciblent pas suffisamment les r\u00e9novations performantes\u00a0\u00bb, et qu\u2019il conviendrait de s\u2019inspirer de l\u2019exemple allemand en les conditionnant au gain de performance, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire au r\u00e9sultat des travaux effectu\u00e9s plut\u00f4t qu\u2019\u00e0 leur nature et en subventionnant davantage le recours \u00e0 l\u2019assistance \u00e0 la ma\u00eetrise d\u2019ouvrage (AMO), indispensable pour planifier les travaux et \u00e9tablir le plan de financement\u00a0: proposition ambitieuse, en rupture avec les pratiques actuelles, mais probablement d\u00e9licate \u00e0 mettre en \u0153uvre. ll constate \u00a0en outre que le principal outil de financement, l\u2019\u00e9co-PTZ, n\u2019est pas accessible \u00e0 tous les m\u00e9nages et est inadapt\u00e9 \u00e0 une r\u00e9novation BBC du fait de son trop faible montant plafond.
\nIl \u00e9met en cons\u00e9quence des recommandations, dont les principales sont les suivantes\u00a0:
\n– supprimer d\u2019ici trois ans les aides aux gestes individuels et n\u2018offrir que des aides conditionn\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019atteinte d\u2019un niveau de performance ;
\n– faire du recours \u00e0 l\u2019AMO \u2013 qui doit \u00eatre certifi\u00e9e et ind\u00e9pendante de la mise en \u0153uvre des travaux – et \u00e0 la r\u00e9alisation d\u2019un audit \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique la cl\u00e9 de vo\u00fbte du soutien public \u00e0 la r\u00e9novation
\n– transformer les aides financi\u00e8res sous forme de montant forfaitaire en subventions d\u2019un pourcentage des travaux, et faire cro\u00eetre le taux de subvention avec l\u2019ambition de r\u00e9novation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique.
\nIl pr\u00e9conise en outre, notamment, de multiplier les contr\u00f4les a posteriori des op\u00e9rations subventionn\u00e9es, d\u2019augmenter la dur\u00e9e et le montant de l\u2019\u00e9co-PTZ, d\u2019adopter une strat\u00e9gie de communication claire et de prendre en compte le confort thermique \u00ab de toute saison \u00bb, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire d\u2019anticiper la demande croissante de climatisation, en fonction des zones climatiques. Constatant qu\u2019aucun des pays \u00e9tudi\u00e9s n\u2019int\u00e8gre cette pr\u00e9occupation, il estime que c\u2019est pourtant l\u00e0 une question majeure qui \u00ab devra \u00eatre int\u00e9gr\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019avenir dans la strat\u00e9gie fran\u00e7aise \u00bb.<\/p>\n

Des objectifs plus coh\u00e9rents<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Le rapport rel\u00e8ve que les objectifs de r\u00e9novation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique et de r\u00e9duction de la pr\u00e9carit\u00e9 \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, tous deux l\u00e9gitimes,\u00a0 \u00ab\u00a0ne vont pas naturellement de pair\u00a0\u00bb, car \u00ab\u00a0les politiques de massification des r\u00e9novations \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques peuvent accro\u00eetre les vuln\u00e9rabilit\u00e9s en pesant sur le budget des m\u00e9nages pr\u00e9caires\u00a0\u00bb. \u00a0Il sugg\u00e8re de mieux les distinguer. Pour s\u2019engager dans cette voie, il recommande d\u2019\u00e9valuer d\u00e8s 2021 le programme Habiter Mieux de l\u2019Anah, en pr\u00e9cisant quel devrait \u00eatre le contenu de cette \u00e9valuation, ainsi que diverses mesures destin\u00e9es \u00e0 mieux soutenir les occupants des passoires thermiques.<\/p>\n

La d\u00e9carbonation des vecteurs \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques <\/strong><\/h3>\n

Le HCC rel\u00e8ve l\u2019absence d\u2019une strat\u00e9gie articulant la SNBC avec les d\u00e9cisions en mati\u00e8re de production d\u2019\u00e9nergie et notamment de d\u00e9veloppement des vecteurs \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques d\u00e9carbon\u00e9s. S\u2019inspirant des exemples su\u00e9dois et n\u00e9erlandais, il pr\u00e9conise d\u2019impliquer les collectivit\u00e9s territoriales dans la d\u00e9finition de strat\u00e9gies prenant en compte les sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9s locales et incluant des objectifs de transition de chaleur et d\u2019offre de chaleur renouvelable. Il souhaite une meilleure int\u00e9gration des objectifs de la SNBC dans la programmation pluriannuelle de l\u2019\u00e9nergie et juge n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019identifier les causes des entraves au d\u00e9veloppement des r\u00e9seaux de chaleur<\/p>\n

Copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/strong><\/h3>\n

La r\u00e9alisation de travaux de r\u00e9novation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique dans les copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s se heurte, on le sait, en France comme \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger, \u00e0 des difficult\u00e9s particuli\u00e8res, que l\u2019on n\u2019a pu jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent que constater, sans trouver de moyens r\u00e9ellement efficaces pour les surmonter. Rien d\u2019\u00e9tonnant, donc, \u00e0 ce que la question soit \u00e9voqu\u00e9e dans le rapport. Pr\u00e9cisant qu\u2019il n\u2019a pas pouss\u00e9 ses investigations sur le sujet, le HCC, s\u2019appuyant sur une \u00e9tude portant sur cinq villes \u00e9trang\u00e8res, ne semble pas \u00eatre en mesure d\u2019\u00e9mettre des recommandations pr\u00e9cises, car \u00ab\u00a0les m\u00e9canismes de soutien pour la r\u00e9novation des copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s ne sont pas encore matures\u00a0\u00bb. Le chapitre sur ce sujet semble donc \u00eatre inclus dans le texte pour m\u00e9moire et n\u2019apporte gu\u00e8re d\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments nouveaux susceptibles de contribuer \u00e0 lever les blocages existants.<\/p>\n

La r\u00e9novation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique dans les politiques locales<\/strong><\/h4>\n

Sur ce sujet \u00e9galement, l\u2019apport du HCC est mince. Convenons toutefois, \u00e0 sa d\u00e9charge, qu\u2019il n\u2019est pas facile de transposer en France des pratiques \u00e9trang\u00e8res inscrites dans des architectures institutionnelles sp\u00e9cifiques de chaque pays et s\u2019appuyant sur des cultures diff\u00e9rentes en mati\u00e8re de r\u00e9partition des comp\u00e9tences.
\nLes recommandations, tr\u00e8s g\u00e9n\u00e9rales, ne semblent pas s\u2019appuyer sur une vision pr\u00e9cise de ce que pourrait \u00eatre le r\u00f4le des collectivit\u00e9s territoriales et leur mode de collaboration avec l\u2019Etat pour d\u00e9cliner au niveau local les orientations d\u00e9finies au niveau national.
\nEnfin, d\u2019autres recommandations, que nous ne d\u00e9taillerons pas ici, ont trait \u00e0 la r\u00e9novation des b\u00e2timents publics et aux missions de l\u2019observatoire de la r\u00e9novation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n

*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0*
\n*<\/p>\n

En r\u00e9sum\u00e9, ce rapport permet en premier lieu de prendre conscience de ce que les difficult\u00e9s que conna\u00eet la France pour mettre en \u0153uvre sa politique de r\u00e9novation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique ne lui sont pas sp\u00e9cifiques. Seule la Su\u00e8de fait exception, du fait de sa large ant\u00e9riorit\u00e9 en la mati\u00e8re. Ce qui ne signifie pas que l\u2019\u00e9tude des autres pays soit sans int\u00e9r\u00eat\u00a0: bien au contraire, car la similitude des situations fait qu\u2019il est possible de tirer des le\u00e7ons de leurs exp\u00e9riences. L\u2019apport du travail du HCC sur cet aspect est ind\u00e9niable.
\nOn regrettera toutefois le silence du rapport sur deux points. Le premier a trait \u00e0 la comp\u00e9tence des entreprises en mati\u00e8re de r\u00e9novation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, qui n\u2019est pas, semble-t-il, sans poser probl\u00e8me en France. Le second concerne l\u2019utilisation des certificats d\u2019\u00e9conomie d\u2019\u00e9nergie, dont on sait \u00e0 quels abus elle a donn\u00e9 lieu dans notre pays. La question des certificats, \u00e9voqu\u00e9e de fa\u00e7on cursive, aurait sans doute m\u00e9rit\u00e9 un examen plus approfondi.<\/p>\n

Jean Bosvieux<\/strong>
\nJanvier 2021<\/p>\n


\n

[1]<\/a> Le Haut Conseil pour le Climat (HCC) est un organisme ind\u00e9pendant cr\u00e9\u00e9 par le d\u00e9cret du 14 mai 2019 charg\u00e9 d’\u00e9mettre des avis et recommandations sur la mise en \u0153uvre des politiques et mesures publiques pour r\u00e9duire les \u00e9missions de gaz \u00e0 effet de serre de la France, en coh\u00e9rence avec ses engagements internationaux, en particulier l\u2019accord de Paris et l\u2019atteinte de la neutralit\u00e9 carbone en 2050. Il a vocation \u00e0 apporter un \u00e9clairage ind\u00e9pendant et neutre sur la politique du gouvernement et ses impacts socio-\u00e9conomiques et environnementaux. Il est pr\u00e9sid\u00e9 par la climatologue franco-canadienne Corinne Le Qu\u00e9r\u00e9 et compos\u00e9 de dix membres choisis pour leur expertise dans les domaines de la science du climat, de l\u2019\u00e9conomie, de l\u2019agronomie et de la transition \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les le\u00e7ons des exp\u00e9riences de quatre pays europ\u00e9ens en mati\u00e8re de r\u00e9novation thermique.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[24],"tags":[70,53,55],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8113"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8113"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8113\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8594,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8113\/revisions\/8594"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8113"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8113"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8113"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}