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{"id":12477,"date":"2023-03-10T16:58:34","date_gmt":"2023-03-10T15:58:34","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/?p=12477"},"modified":"2023-03-10T17:00:34","modified_gmt":"2023-03-10T16:00:34","slug":"le-pavillon-une-passion-francaise-de-herve-marchal-et-jean-marc-stebe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/2023\/03\/le-pavillon-une-passion-francaise-de-herve-marchal-et-jean-marc-stebe\/","title":{"rendered":"Le pavillon, une passion fran\u00e7aise, de Herv\u00e9 Marchal et Jean-Marc St\u00e9b\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00ab\u00a0Le pavillon, une passion fran\u00e7aise\u00a0\u00bb, Herv\u00e9 Marchal & Jean-Marc St\u00e9b\u00e9, Presses Universitaires de France (PUF) \/ Humensis, 1\u00e8re<\/sup> \u00e9dition, f\u00e9vrier 2023, 274 pages.
\n<\/em><\/p>\n

Cet ouvrage n\u2019est certes pas un roman mais, \u00e9crit par des professeurs de sociologie, il se lit comme une histoire fran\u00e7aise, avec ses \u00e0-coups et ses contradictions. Les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences au pass\u00e9 montrent que certains sujets restent d\u2019actualit\u00e9, sachant que, comme le rappellent les auteurs, derri\u00e8re le mot \u00ab\u00a0pavillonnaire\u00a0\u00bb ne se cache pas une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 homog\u00e8ne.
\nEn 2019, sur les 36 millions de logements que comptait la France m\u00e9tropolitaine, pr\u00e8s de 20 millions, soit 56\u00a0% du parc, \u00e9taient des maisons individuelles. En nombre, c\u2019est trois fois plus qu\u2019en 1968 (\u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque, la part de maisons individuelles s\u2019\u00e9levait \u00e0 40,5\u00a0%). Dans le m\u00eame temps, la proportion de propri\u00e9taires occupants est pass\u00e9e de 43\u00a0% \u00e0 58\u00a0%, ce chiffre ayant tendance \u00e0 stagner depuis 20 ans. En mati\u00e8re de construction, une bascule s\u2019est op\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 2000\u00a0: d\u2019apr\u00e8s le calcul des auteurs, depuis 2010, le nombre de logements individuels mis en chantier chaque ann\u00e9e est inf\u00e9rieur \u00e0 celui des logements en immeubles collectifs
\nLes auteurs rappellent que, dans cette \u00ab\u00a0France de pavillons\u00a0\u00bb (chapitre 1), la maison individuelle constitue un \u00ab\u00a0v\u00e9ritable id\u00e9al r\u00e9sidentiel\u00a0\u00bb. Cette pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence n\u2019est pas nouvelle et s\u2019av\u00e8re bien ancr\u00e9e depuis la premi\u00e8re grande enqu\u00eate men\u00e9e sur les aspirations des Fran\u00e7ais en mati\u00e8re de logement en 1945.
\nDans l\u2019un des encadr\u00e9s du livre, un focus est fait sur la distinction entre \u00ab\u00a0maison individuelle\u00a0\u00bb et \u00ab\u00a0pavillon\u00a0\u00bb[1]<\/a>. La premi\u00e8re est d\u00e9finie dans le code de la construction et de l\u2019habitation. L\u2019Insee distingue les constructions selon leur caract\u00e8re individuel ou collectif\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0l\u2019habitat individuel<\/em> comprend les maisons, les fermes et b\u00e2timents d\u2019exploitation agricole, les constructions provisoires, ainsi que les pi\u00e8ces ind\u00e9pendantes avec leur propre entr\u00e9e ne faisant pas partie d\u2019un immeuble collectif\u00a0\u00bb[2]<\/a>.
\nQuant au terme \u00ab\u00a0pavillon\u00a0\u00bb, il correspondait initialement \u00e0 une tente militaire. Faisant r\u00e9f\u00e9rence aux travaux de Daniel Pinson, les auteurs \u00e9voquent le pavillon qui d\u00e9signait \u00ab\u00a0une construction de la classe aristocratique pr\u00e9sentant une implantation \u00e0 la fois \u00e9loign\u00e9e et proche de la ville ou un ensemble r\u00e9sidentiel plus vaste\u00a0: ch\u00e2teau, palais, \u2026\u00a0\u00bb. Ils citent le Pavillon de Vend\u00f4me \u00e0 Aix-en-Provence ou le Pavillon fran\u00e7ais dans le parc du ch\u00e2teau de Versailles. Au XIX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, le terme a \u00e9t\u00e9 employ\u00e9 pour qualifier les immenses constructions r\u00e9alis\u00e9es dans le cadre des grandes expositions universelles. Aujourd\u2019hui, pr\u00e9cisent-ils, il a tendance \u00e0 \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 pour \u00ab\u00a0disqualifier un mode de vie classique Sam\u2019suffit\u00a0! et banlieusard\u00a0\u00bb. En fait, on pourrait ajouter que le sens p\u00e9joratif du terme \u00ab\u00a0pavillon\u00a0\u00bb vient du mot qui lui est souvent accol\u00e9\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0pavillon de banlieue\u00a0\u00bb. Le vocable peut appara\u00eetre aussi p\u00e9joratif dans le regard qu\u2019on porte sur ce type d\u2019habitat. En relisant cet encadr\u00e9, on se demande d\u2019ailleurs pourquoi le titre de cet ouvrage n\u2019est pas\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0la maison individuelle, cette passion fran\u00e7aise\u00a0\u00bb.
\nD\u00e8s les premi\u00e8res pages, les auteurs \u00e9voquent la divergence entre ce d\u00e9sir de maison individuelle r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement exprim\u00e9 par la population et l\u2019avis des experts qui plaident pour le logement collectif, pl\u00e9biscit\u00e9 dans les ann\u00e9es 1960 par \u00ab\u00a0les s\u00e9ides du rationalisme urbain et du fonctionnalisme architectural\u00a0\u00bb. \u00ab\u00a0D\u2019une fa\u00e7on g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, est-il \u00e9crit
[3]<\/a>, nombre de d\u00e9cideurs politiques, de hauts-fonctionnaires et d\u2019ing\u00e9nieurs des Ponts-et-Chauss\u00e9es, d\u2019urbanistes et d\u2019architectes, n\u2019ont pas tenu compte des aspirations des Fran\u00e7ais en mati\u00e8re d\u2019habitation.\u00a0\u00bb Cette dissonance trouve, selon les auteurs, des origines qui remontent \u00e0 la seconde moiti\u00e9 du XIX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle. Ils mentionnent notamment Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Le Play (1864) qui a fa\u00e7onn\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0les bases id\u00e9ologiques de la politique pavillonnaire\u00a0\u00bb et, de l\u2019autre c\u00f4t\u00e9, citent Friedrich Engels\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0pour se loger, les travailleurs doivent se charger de lourdes dettes hypoth\u00e9caires et ils sont plus que jamais les esclaves de leur patron. Ils sont li\u00e9s \u00e0 leur maison, ils ne peuvent pas en partir\u2026\u00a0\u00bb. \u00c0 la r\u00e9flexion, ce n\u2019est pas tant la maison individuelle qui semble vis\u00e9e que la charge li\u00e9e au fait d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9. Cette th\u00e8se de l\u2019accession freinant la mobilit\u00e9 revient r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement. On pourrait citer, \u00e0 ce sujet, les travaux controvers\u00e9s d\u2019Andrew Oswald sur le lien suppos\u00e9 entre propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et ch\u00f4mage.
\nLe livre revient \u00e9galement sur les propos de la ministre du logement, Emmanuelle Wargon, qui affirmait en 2021\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0le mod\u00e8le du pavillon avec jardin n\u2019est pas soutenable et nous m\u00e8ne \u00e0 une impasse\u00a0\u00bb. L\u2019ouvrage montre qu\u2019ils font \u00e9cho \u00e0 ceux cit\u00e9s quelques pages auparavant d\u2019Edgar Pisani, alors ministre de l\u2019Equipement, qui affirmait en 1966\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0le temps du jardin plant\u00e9 de carottes est pass\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb.
\nEn pointant et retra\u00e7ant des \u00e9tapes importantes de l\u2019histoire du logement comme l\u2019aventure des \u00ab\u00a0mal-lotis\u00a0\u00bb de l\u2019entre-deux-guerres, l\u2019exemple de lotissements construits dans les ann\u00e9es 1920, le d\u00e9veloppement de la \u00ab\u00a0maison Loucheur\u00a0\u00bb ou des maisons individuelles group\u00e9es \u00ab\u00a0Chalandon\u00a0\u00bb, ou encore le mouvement d\u2019auto-construction appel\u00e9 \u00ab\u00a0Les Castors\u00a0\u00bb, les auteurs diss\u00e8quent cette grande passion de la maison individuelle, qu\u2019ils disent \u00ab\u00a0contrari\u00e9e et critiqu\u00e9e\u00a0\u00bb (chapitre 2). Pourtant la lecture de ce chapitre donne plut\u00f4t l\u2019impression que les ann\u00e9es 1960-1970 ont constitu\u00e9 une p\u00e9riode faste pour la maison individuelle, souvent avec l\u2019appui de l\u2019\u00c9tat.
\nAujourd\u2019hui, les critiques de la maison individuelle rel\u00e8vent, selon Anne Lambert cit\u00e9e dans le livre, de quatre registres\u00a0: l\u2019esth\u00e9tique architecturale, les pr\u00e9tendus particularismes des habitants des maisons individuelles (\u00ab\u00a0individualistes et conformistes\u00a0\u00bb), l\u2019endettement d\u00e9raisonnable des m\u00e9nages et l\u2019empreinte carbone. S\u2019y ajoute la question de l\u2019artificialisation des sols dont la ville diffuse serait \u00ab\u00a0responsable\u00a0\u00bb.
\nParmi les r\u00e9f\u00e9rences au pass\u00e9, on d\u00e9couvre dans cet ouvrage William Levitt (1907-1994), le \u00ab\u00a0roi de la banlieue\u00a0\u00bb, dit encore le \u00ab\u00a0Henry Ford du b\u00e2timent\u00a0\u00bb, qui, au cours des ann\u00e9es 1960, \u00ab\u00a0tentera d\u2019exporter au-del\u00e0 du continent am\u00e9ricain son mod\u00e8le de lotissement de pavillons pr\u00e9fabriqu\u00e9s construits en s\u00e9rie\u00a0\u00bb. Parall\u00e8lement est \u00e9voqu\u00e9e l\u2019histoire de l\u2019entreprise Maisons Ph\u00e9nix fond\u00e9e en France en 1945 et qui sera au premier rang pour \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9pondre aux commandes orchestr\u00e9es par l\u2019\u00c9tat (\u2026) de construction de logements \u00e9conomiques de premi\u00e8res n\u00e9cessit\u00e9<\/em> (LEPN), suscit\u00e9es entre autres par l\u2019appel de l\u2019abb\u00e9 Pierre en 1954.\u00a0\u00bb La soci\u00e9t\u00e9 a souffert au fil du temps d\u2019une image de constructeur de maisons bas de gamme et Geoxia, propri\u00e9taire de la marque Maisons Ph\u00e9nix, a d\u00e9pos\u00e9 le bilan en 2022.
\nLes auteurs \u00e9voquent \u00e9galement la transformation du mod\u00e8le financier avec le d\u00e9sengagement de l\u2019\u00c9tat et la lib\u00e9ralisation du cr\u00e9dit \u00e0 partir du milieu des ann\u00e9es 1960. \u00ab\u00a0Tr\u00e8s rapidement, \u00e9crivent-ils
[4]<\/a>, les banques vont investir le syst\u00e8me du logement, de sorte que d\u00e8s le d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 70, les banques repr\u00e9sentent la moiti\u00e9 des pr\u00eats hypoth\u00e9caires. Ce transfert de financement du logement vers les banques s\u2019amplifie avec l\u2019instauration de deux nouvelles formes de cr\u00e9dit\u00a0: le compte \u00e9pargne logement (CEL) en 1965 et le plan \u00e9pargne logement (PEL) en 1969.\u00a0\u00bb Par ailleurs, ils mentionnent la r\u00e9forme de 1977, dite loi Barre, qui vise \u00e0 orienter une partie des aides publiques \u00ab\u00a0de la pierre vers la personne\u00a0\u00bb.
\nApr\u00e8s avoir esquiss\u00e9 de fa\u00e7on g\u00e9n\u00e9rale le portrait de l\u2019habitant de la maison individuelle dans le chapitre 3 (dont certains points paraissent abscons ou ne pas s\u2019appliquer qu\u2019\u00e0 la maison individuelle\u00a0: il y a aussi des coins et des chambres dans les logements collectifs par exemple), les auteurs \u00e9voquent, dans les chapitres 4 et 5, ce qu\u2019ils appellent les figures du pavillon \u00ab\u00a0enchant\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb et \u00ab\u00a0d\u00e9senchant\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb.
\n\u00c0 travers les diff\u00e9rentes enqu\u00eates et entretiens qu\u2019ils ont men\u00e9s, ils ont en effet construit cinq figures du pavillon \u00ab\u00a0enchant\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0:<\/p>\n