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{"id":12114,"date":"2023-01-10T17:25:17","date_gmt":"2023-01-10T16:25:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/?p=12114"},"modified":"2023-01-11T00:15:19","modified_gmt":"2023-01-10T23:15:19","slug":"les-petites-coproprietes-et-la-renovation-energetique-une-premiere-approche","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/2023\/01\/les-petites-coproprietes-et-la-renovation-energetique-une-premiere-approche\/","title":{"rendered":"Les petites copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s et la r\u00e9novation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique : une premi\u00e8re approche"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

Depuis le Grenelle de l\u2019Environnement, les politiques publiques ont fait de la r\u00e9novation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique des logements une priorit\u00e9, aussi bien \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9chelle nationale qu\u2019\u00e0 celle des collectivit\u00e9s locales. Pour le parc des copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s, qui repr\u00e9sente 28 % des logements fran\u00e7ais, les mesures d\u00e9ploy\u00e9es ont principalement port\u00e9 leurs fruits sur les grandes copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s qui connaissent actuellement une dynamique relative de r\u00e9novation. Les petites copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s sont aujourd\u2019hui consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme un angle mort, aussi bien par les acteurs publics et priv\u00e9s de la r\u00e9novation que pour la recherche. \u00a0Elles constituent pourtant un gisement d\u2019\u00e9conomie d\u2019\u00e9nergie important. Cet article[1]<\/a> vise \u00e0 mieux appr\u00e9hender l\u2019entit\u00e9 \u201cpetites copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s\u201d, \u00e0 comprendre leur rapport sp\u00e9cifique \u00e0 la r\u00e9novation \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, et sugg\u00e8re quelques pistes d\u2019action. Il est issu d\u2019une exploration bibliographique sommaire pour pr\u00e9parer un webinaire[2]<\/a> propos\u00e9 par le CeDRE AURA[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019une \u201cpetite copropri\u00e9t\u00e9\u201d\u00a0?<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Tout d\u2019abord, il convient de pr\u00e9ciser ce que l\u2019on peut entendre par \u201cpetite copropri\u00e9t\u00e9\u201d. Nous identifions trois entr\u00e9es possibles\u00a0: \u00a0juridique, statistique, et ethnographique. Selon le registre de d\u00e9finition adopt\u00e9, les contours de l\u2019objet d\u2019\u00e9tude diff\u00e8rent. Les d\u00e9finitions peuvent \u00eatre plus ou moins restrictives et n\u2019insistent pas sur les m\u00eames probl\u00e8mes. Notre propos n\u2019est pas ici de dire qu\u2019une d\u00e9finition est meilleure qu\u2019une autre, car chacune \u00e9claire une facette de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9. Nous utiliserons d\u2019ailleurs ces diff\u00e9rentes d\u00e9finitions dans la suite de l\u2019article.
\nLa d\u00e9finition juridique s\u2019appuie sur un r\u00e9gime d\u2019exception \u00e0 la loi de 1965 pour certaines copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s. Celles-ci sont soumises comme les autres \u00e0 cette loi, mais \u00e0 partir de 2006 plusieurs d\u00e9crets ont apport\u00e9 une simplification progressive des r\u00e8gles qui les concernent. Depuis le 1er janvier 2020, la \u201cpetite copropri\u00e9t\u00e9\u201d est devenue une notion juridique \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re, avec deux r\u00e9gimes d\u00e9rogatoires visant \u00e0 simplifier la prise de d\u00e9cision et la gestion. Pour les copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s de moins de cinq lots d\u2019habitation ou moins de 15\u00a0000 euros de budget moyen sur les trois derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, le r\u00e9gime permet une comptabilit\u00e9 moins lourde\u00a0; il retire l\u2019obligation d\u2019organiser une assembl\u00e9e g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et ouvre la possibilit\u00e9 de d\u00e9cider \u00e0 l\u2019unanimit\u00e9 par seule consultation \u00e9crite. A celles de deux lots s\u2019applique une r\u00e8gle inspir\u00e9e de celle de l\u2019indivision\u00a0: l\u2019un ou l\u2019autre des copropri\u00e9taires peut prendre seul des d\u00e9cisions concernant la conservation de l\u2019immeuble.
\nCette d\u00e9finition juridique a pu faire l\u2019objet de tensions avec les repr\u00e9sentants des syndics professionnels, qui cherchent logiquement \u00e0 pr\u00e9server leur march\u00e9. En effet, le r\u00e9gime d\u00e9rogatoire facilite le passage au syndic b\u00e9n\u00e9vole ou coop\u00e9ratif. Le seuil aurait pu \u00eatre fix\u00e9 \u00e0 moins de dix lots, mais les f\u00e9d\u00e9rations professionnelles ont obtenu qu\u2019il soit abaiss\u00e9 \u00e0 cinq lots. De ce fait, la seule d\u00e9finition juridique de la \u201cpetite copropri\u00e9t\u00e9\u201d nous para\u00eet trop limitative.
\nLa d\u00e9finition statistique se base sur les donn\u00e9es de l\u2019Insee
[4]<\/sup><\/a> pour d\u00e9terminer la taille d\u2019une \u201cpetite\u201d copropri\u00e9t\u00e9 par rapport \u00e0 l\u2019ensemble du parc. En 2013, le parc des copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s repr\u00e9sentait 28% du parc des logements en France, soit 9,7 millions de logements et 740 000 immeubles. Pour l\u2019Insee, une \u201ccopropri\u00e9t\u00e9\u201d est d\u00e9finie comme \u00ab\u00a0la possession par plusieurs entit\u00e9s (personnes physiques ou morales) d\u2019un ensemble de b\u00e2timents comprenant des espaces privatifs, notamment des logements, et des parties communes\u00a0\u00bb[5]<\/a>. Ce parc est tr\u00e8s majoritairement compos\u00e9 d\u2019immeubles collectifs (94,3 % des logements en copropri\u00e9t\u00e9 sont des appartements) et d\u2019une minorit\u00e9 de maisons, dans des copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s dites \u00ab\u00a0horizontales\u00a0\u00bb. 83% des immeubles collectifs en copropri\u00e9t\u00e9 ont moins de 20 lots, et 54% moins de six lots. La moiti\u00e9 des logements en copropri\u00e9t\u00e9 est situ\u00e9e dans des immeubles de moins de 20 lots[6]<\/sup><\/a>. En partant de ces donn\u00e9es, nous proposons de d\u00e9finir par convention comme \u00ab\u00a0petites copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s\u201d les immeubles de moins de 20 lots de logement\u00a0: comme copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s \u201cmoyennes\u201d les immeubles de 21 \u00e0 50 lots, qui regroupent 32% des logements en copropri\u00e9t\u00e9, et comme \u201cgrandes\u201d copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s, ceux de plus de 50 lots qui en regroupent 17%. Il faut souligner que le r\u00e9cent Registre national des copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s (RNC) ne permet pas d\u2019appr\u00e9hender le premier de ces seuils, puisqu\u2019il ne distingue que trois tranches\u00a0: les copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s de moins de 10 lots, celles de moins de 11 \u00e0 49 lots et celles de 50 lots ou plus.
\nEnfin, on peut proposer une d\u00e9finition ethnographique fond\u00e9e sur le point de vue des copropri\u00e9taires. Ceux-ci ne raisonnent pas en termes de nombre de lots mais de nombre de copropri\u00e9taires. Mais surtout, ils n\u2019ont pas toujours pleinement conscience d\u2019\u00eatre en copropri\u00e9t\u00e9 au sens juridique. C\u2019est ce que montre une \u00e9tude r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par le PUCA
[7]<\/sup><\/a> sur la ville de Flers en Normandie. L\u2019enqu\u00eate porte sur les copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s d\u00e9clar\u00e9es \u00ab\u00a0sans syndic\u00a0\u00bb dans le RNC, crit\u00e8re qui s\u2019est r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9 pertinent pour rep\u00e9rer des petites copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s (m\u00e9diane six logements). L\u2019\u00e9tude propose de d\u00e9finir ces petites copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00ab\u00a0sans syndics\u00a0\u00bb comme celles dans lesquelles la norme sociale pr\u00e9domine sur la norme juridique pour en g\u00e9rer les affaires.
\nPlus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, le niveau de conscience des copropri\u00e9taires \u00ab\u00a0d\u2019\u00eatre en copropri\u00e9t\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb varie. Pour illustrer cette diversit\u00e9, nous r\u00e9sumons la typologie propos\u00e9e dans l\u2019\u00e9tude du PUCA
[8]<\/a> en trois id\u00e9aux-type de petites copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s sans syndic.<\/p>\n