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{"id":11919,"date":"2022-12-02T18:24:29","date_gmt":"2022-12-02T17:24:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/?p=11919"},"modified":"2023-01-27T17:15:49","modified_gmt":"2023-01-27T16:15:49","slug":"pour-comprendre-les-enjeux-du-bail-reel-solidaire-brs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/2022\/12\/pour-comprendre-les-enjeux-du-bail-reel-solidaire-brs\/","title":{"rendered":"Pour comprendre les enjeux du bail r\u00e9el solidaire (BRS)"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

La promotion de l\u2019accession \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 est une constante des politiques du logement en France sans pour autant y avoir d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 la monoculture du \u00ab\u00a0tous propri\u00e9taires\u00a0\u00bb, fr\u00e9quente en Europe du sud et dans les pays de l\u2019ex-bloc de l\u2019Est.
\nC\u2019est dans ce contexte plut\u00f4t marqu\u00e9 par la prudence (\u00e9viter le surendettement) et par un souci de bon usage des deniers publics (\u00e9viter qu\u2019une aide publique vienne alimenter la sp\u00e9culation immobili\u00e8re) qu\u2019est apparue, au milieu des ann\u00e9es 2010, une nouvelle forme d\u2019accession \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 cibl\u00e9e sur les m\u00e9nages \u00e0 revenus moyens et modestes\u00a0: le bail r\u00e9el solidaire (BRS). Celui-ci consiste en la dissociation entre la pleine propri\u00e9t\u00e9 du b\u00e2ti (la maison, l\u2019appartement) et la location du foncier sur lequel repose l\u2019immeuble, d\u00e9tenu par un organisme foncier solidaire (OFS). Cette formule connait, depuis les d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 2020 un succ\u00e8s consid\u00e9rable aupr\u00e8s des collectivit\u00e9 locales et des op\u00e9rateurs du logement.
\nPlusieurs articles ont d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9voqu\u00e9 le sujet sur politiquedulogement.com, souvent avec un regard critique[1]<\/a>. D\u2019autres sont \u00e0 venir. Il s\u2019agit ici de faire le point sur la fa\u00e7on dont cette forme nouvelle d\u2019accession \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 se d\u00e9veloppe en France et sur certaines des questions qu\u2019elle pose.<\/p>\n

Le bail r\u00e9el solidaire\u00a0: acc\u00e9der \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 sans sp\u00e9culer<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n

L\u2019id\u00e9e de dissocier, dans la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 immobili\u00e8re, celle de l\u2019assise fonci\u00e8re du bien de celle du b\u00e2ti lui-m\u00eame est ancienne et a fait ses preuves de longue date dans des pays comme le Royaume-Uni ou, avec des modalit\u00e9s diff\u00e9rentes, aux Pays-Bas. L\u2019id\u00e9e d\u2019importer ce type de m\u00e9canismes dans le droit fran\u00e7ais est \u00e9galement ancienne comme l\u2019ont montr\u00e9 les travaux men\u00e9s au milieu des ann\u00e9es 1990 \u00e0 l\u2019initiative du minist\u00e8re en charge du Logement[2]<\/a>. Mais c\u2019est plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment l\u2019exp\u00e9rience des Community Land Trusts<\/em> am\u00e9ricains qui va progressivement faire \u00e9cole en se diffusant en Europe d\u2019abord au Royaume-Uni et en Belgique, puis en France[3]<\/a>.
\nL\u2019id\u00e9e directrice du mod\u00e8le est de cumuler la dissociation du foncier et du b\u00e2ti avec une mission sociale du propri\u00e9taire du terrain. Cette conjonction garantit dans la dur\u00e9e le caract\u00e8re non sp\u00e9culatif de l\u2019acquisition du logement.
\nConcr\u00e8tement, le syst\u00e8me fran\u00e7ais repose sur la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019organismes sans but lucratif et agr\u00e9\u00e9s par l\u2019\u00c9tat (les OFS), qui se portent acqu\u00e9reurs de terrains, puis y font construire par un op\u00e9rateur traditionnel de l\u2019accession \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 (organisme de logement social, coop\u00e9rative d\u2019HLM, promoteur priv\u00e9) des logements dont les prix de vente sont plafonn\u00e9s
[4]<\/a> et vendus \u00e0 des m\u00e9nages sous conditions de ressources[5]<\/a>. Le prix de vente, b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiant d\u2019une TVA r\u00e9duite \u00e0 5,5%, ne porte que sur la partie b\u00e2tie, ce qui permet, dans les villes o\u00f9 le foncier est cher, des \u00e9conomies allant jusqu\u2019\u00e0 35% par rapport \u00e0 une accession \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 classique.
\nL\u2019acquisition du terrain est financ\u00e9e par des pr\u00eats de la Banque des territoires pouvant aller jusqu\u2019\u00e0 80 ans. L\u2019obtention de ces pr\u00eats suppose l\u2019accord des collectivit\u00e9s territoriales d\u2019implantation des programmes puisque celles-ci doivent y apporter leur garantie. Les plus volontaristes d\u2019entre elles peuvent subventionner ces acquisitions et m\u00eame accorder des exon\u00e9rations de taxe fonci\u00e8re, ce qui est tr\u00e8s rare. Pour l\u2019OFS, l\u2019\u00e9quilibre de l\u2019op\u00e9ration est obtenu en facturant aux propri\u00e9taires des logements une redevance correspondant \u00e0 la location du foncier. Selon les cas, la localisation des op\u00e9rations et l\u2019existence de subventions des collectivit\u00e9s, cette redevance varie entre 0,50 et 3,50 euros\/m\u00b2 et par mois.
\nCe sch\u00e9ma passant par la construction de logements neufs est \u00e0 ce jour la modalit\u00e9 la plus fr\u00e9quente de mise en \u0153uvre du mod\u00e8le, mais d\u2019autres m\u00e9thodes sont possibles\u00a0telles que l\u2019acquisition d\u2019immeubles existants, avec ou sans travaux d\u2019am\u00e9lioration, ou la vente de logements sociaux \u00e0 leurs occupants par un bailleur HLM ayant obtenu son agr\u00e9ment d\u2019OFS.
\nLe m\u00e9nage acc\u00e9dant \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 signe avec l\u2019OFS un bail r\u00e9el solidaire (BRS) pour une dur\u00e9e comprise entre 18 ans et 99 ans. Ce bail est dit \u00ab\u00a0rechargeable\u00a0\u00bb, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire que sa dur\u00e9e repart \u00e0 z\u00e9ro \u00e0 chaque cession\u00a0; sa dur\u00e9e est donc potentiellement infinie. La revente des biens est encadr\u00e9e par le bail\u00a0; elle se fait obligatoirement \u00e0 un m\u00e9nage r\u00e9pondant aux conditions de ressources (cela s\u2019applique aussi en mati\u00e8re de succession, si ce n\u2019est pas le cas, les h\u00e9ritiers sont dans l\u2019obligation de revendre). Le prix de cession garantit \u00e0 l\u2019acqu\u00e9reur de retrouver sa mise, mais est limit\u00e9 \u00e0 la valeur initiale actualis\u00e9e par un indice choisi par l\u2019OFS
[6]<\/a>. Le principe du BRS permet donc d\u2019\u00e9viter la sp\u00e9culation fonci\u00e8re (le foncier n\u2019est jamais revendu) et immobili\u00e8re (les plus-values sont plafonn\u00e9es)\u00a0; il garantit la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 d\u2019un logement \u00e0 prix abordable. C\u2019est d\u2019ailleurs cette p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 qui a justifi\u00e9 que le l\u00e9gislateur int\u00e8gre les logements sous BRS dans le calcul du quotas de 25% de logements sociaux rendu obligatoire par le loi SRU de d\u00e9cembre 2000.<\/p>\n

Des OFS partout en France\u00a0: un couteau suisse de l\u2019accession sociale\u00a0?<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n

On comprend d\u00e8s lors l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat suscit\u00e9 par ce mod\u00e8le. L\u2019association Foncier solidaire France qui promeut le dispositif comptabilisait 87 OFS agr\u00e9\u00e9s en France en avril 2022 et beaucoup de candidats dont les dossiers sont \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude[7]<\/a>.
\nOutre ce nombre d\u00e9j\u00e0 tr\u00e8s important, on peut souligner la grande diversit\u00e9 des structures porteuses de ces organismes. Deux p\u00f4les principaux ressortent.
\nD\u2019abord celui des collectivit\u00e9s territoriales. Les villes et agglom\u00e9rations ont souvent \u00e9t\u00e9 pionni\u00e8res\u00a0: les m\u00e9tropoles de Lille et Rennes, bient\u00f4t suivies par la Ville de Paris, la m\u00e9tropole de Brest, les \u00e9tablissements publics territoriaux d\u2019Est Ensemble ou de Plaine Commune en premi\u00e8re couronne francilienne
[8]<\/a>. On note aussi des d\u00e9partements tels les Yvelines ou la Vend\u00e9e. Le mod\u00e8le \u00e9conomique de ces OFS repose g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement sur l\u2019apport de subventions aux acquisitions fonci\u00e8res permettant de limiter le montant des redevances.
\nPuis viennent les OFS cr\u00e9\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019initiative d\u2019op\u00e9rateurs du secteur HLM. Ce sont principalement des coop\u00e9ratives, acteurs traditionnels de l\u2019accession sociale \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et dont la f\u00e9d\u00e9ration nationale joue un r\u00f4le majeur de promotion du mod\u00e8le. La Coop Fonci\u00e8re Francilienne, constitu\u00e9e par un r\u00e9seau r\u00e9gional d\u2019organismes d\u2019HLM est l\u2019une des pionni\u00e8res de ce mod\u00e8le fond\u00e9 sur un large collectif d\u2019op\u00e9rateurs et centr\u00e9 sur la construction d\u2019immeubles neufs sans d\u00e9pendre de subventions locales. Certains organismes de logement social ont \u00e9galement obtenu individuellement l\u2019agr\u00e9ment d\u2019OFS pour mener leurs propres op\u00e9rations ou pour commercialiser en BRS la vente de leur patrimoine.
\nA c\u00f4t\u00e9 de ces deux p\u00f4les, d\u2019autres configurations \u00e9mergent, \u00e0 l\u2019initiative d\u2019\u00e9tablissements publics fonciers (le Pays basque, l\u2019Alsace, Centre-Val-de-Loire, le Doubs\u2026), voire d\u2019associations plut\u00f4t sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es dans l\u2019insertion par le logement telles qu\u2019Habitat et Humanisme qui travaille avec de grands promoteurs parisiens (Altarea-Cogedim, Quartus, Kaufmann et Broad\u2026).
\nCette diversit\u00e9 d\u2019initiatives, d\u2019\u00e9chelles, de mod\u00e8les \u00e9conomiques et de modes de production diff\u00e9rencie nettement le syst\u00e8me OFS\/BRS des autres modalit\u00e9s de l\u2019accession sociale, souvent consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme trop rigides (le PSLA, par exemple, est r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux acteurs HLM n\u2019est ouvert \u00e0 l\u2019acquisition-am\u00e9lioration que depuis fin 2020). C\u2019est pour cela qu\u2019il est devenu banal de consid\u00e9rer le syst\u00e8me comme le \u00ab couteau suisse de l\u2019accession sociale \u00bb, largement ouvert \u00e0 tous les acteurs du secteur et r\u00e9pondant \u00e0 une vaste gamme d\u2019attentes sociales, urbaines et \u00e9conomiques.<\/p>\n

Un mod\u00e8le vertueux, mais suscitant quelques incertitudes<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n

Dans ses principes, la couple OFS\/BRS semble donc r\u00e9unir toutes les vertus que l\u2019on pourrait attendre d\u2019un m\u00e9canisme souple, ouvert et s\u00e9curis\u00e9. On comprend l\u2019app\u00e9tence qu\u2019il g\u00e9n\u00e8re chez toute la gamme des acteurs des politiques de l\u2019habitat, des collectivit\u00e9s aux op\u00e9rateurs.
\nCe potentiel est bien r\u00e9el m\u00eame s\u2019il est encore beaucoup trop t\u00f4t pour en tirer un premier bilan. De nombreuses op\u00e9rations sont en cours de construction ou de commercialisation sur tout le territoire, mais le nombre de logements achev\u00e9s et occup\u00e9s par des propri\u00e9taires ayant sign\u00e9 des BRS se compte encore seulement par dizaines. Ce chiffre est appel\u00e9 \u00e0 augmenter tr\u00e8s rapidement mais restera longtemps marginal dans un paysage national compos\u00e9 de plus de 17 millions de logements occup\u00e9s par des propri\u00e9taires au sens traditionnel du terme.
\nLe foisonnement des initiatives locales et la diversit\u00e9\u00a0de leurs mod\u00e8les illustre tr\u00e8s positivement l\u2019ampleur des attentes, mais ils peuvent soulever certains questionnements, voire des inqui\u00e9tudes. D\u2019abord sur le fait que le mod\u00e8le trouve la m\u00eame pertinence dans tous les contextes territoriaux. Quoi de commun, par exemple, entre le cas parisien o\u00f9 m\u00eame \u00e0 des prix inf\u00e9rieurs de moiti\u00e9 \u00e0 ceux du march\u00e9, il faudra d\u00e9bourser 5\u00a0000 \u20ac par m\u00b2, et celui cr\u00e9\u00e9 par l\u2019\u00e9tablissement public foncier du Doubs-Bourgogne-Franche-Comt\u00e9\u00a0? Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 quel point, et avec quelle mobilisation de moyens publics peut-on encore consid\u00e9rer comme sociale une accession \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 ce prix\u00a0? A l\u2019autre extr\u00e9mit\u00e9, quelle pertinence d\u2019une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 droits limit\u00e9s l\u00e0 o\u00f9 l\u2019avantage procur\u00e9 par la soustraction du co\u00fbt du foncier reste mod\u00e9r\u00e9\u00a0? L\u2019avenir dira ce qu\u2019il en est, mais on peut d\u2019ores et d\u00e9j\u00e0 supposer que tous les OFS cr\u00e9\u00e9s \u00e0 ce jour ne survivront pas \u00e0 ce type de questionnements.
\nPlus pr\u00e9occupante est la surabondance des organismes dans de m\u00eames territoires. Le cas de l\u2019Ile-de-France, comme souvent, en apporte une illustration par l\u2019extr\u00eame. Le site de Foncier solidaire France y recensait dix OFS agr\u00e9\u00e9s en avril 2022, sans compter ceux en cours de cr\u00e9ation de Plaine Commune et d\u2019Est Ensemble. Cette abondance refl\u00e8te \u00e0 la fois la volont\u00e9 de collectivit\u00e9s de rendre directement visible leur politique de promotion de l\u2019accession sociale \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 et celle d\u2019op\u00e9rateurs exp\u00e9riment\u00e9s, principalement issus du monde HLM, de d\u00e9velopper une nouvelle offre de produits correspondant \u00e0 leur mission sociale historique.\u00a0 Tous sont susceptibles de porter des op\u00e9rations sur les m\u00eames territoires, ce qui fait craindre le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019une concurrence n\u00e9faste pour acc\u00e9der au foncier, favorisant ainsi paradoxalement une surench\u00e8re sur les prix des terrains. Le mod\u00e8le y perdrait son \u00e2me.
\nSoulevons enfin ce qui peut appara\u00eetre comme la question majeure de ce que Vincent Le Rouzic appelle dans sa th\u00e8se un r\u00e9gime de la \u00ab\u00a0post-propri\u00e9t\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb
[9]<\/a>. Quelle sera l\u2019intensit\u00e9 de l\u2019app\u00e9tence des m\u00e9nages pour un statut de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 droits limit\u00e9s, sans risque, mais sans v\u00e9ritable perspective de valorisation patrimoniale\u00a0? Sans qu\u2019il soit possible d\u2019en faire un recensement exhaustif, il semble qu\u2019\u00e0 ce stade la commercialisation des premi\u00e8res op\u00e9rations ait \u00e9t\u00e9 un succ\u00e8s, ce qui est encourageant. Mais il sera important, au cours des prochaines ann\u00e9es, de se doter d\u2019outils de suivi du dispositif et de son rapport avec les projets et les parcours r\u00e9sidentiels des m\u00e9nages. A partir de quel niveau de d\u00e9cote du prix de vente le mod\u00e8le devient-il durablement attractif\u00a0? De quel poids les redevances fonci\u00e8res p\u00e8sent-elles dans le budget des acqu\u00e9reurs\u00a0? L\u2019acquisition en BRS est-elle un projet inscrit dans la dur\u00e9e ou une simple \u00e9tape de constitution d\u2019un capital avant d\u2019aller vers la pleine propri\u00e9t\u00e9\u00a0? Quelles seront les r\u00e9actions des acqu\u00e9reurs qui revendront leur logement sans plus-value\u00a0? Autant de questions qui restent ouvertes \u00e0 ce stade, mais dont les r\u00e9ponses, sans doute tr\u00e8s diverses selon les contextes locaux, conditionneront la massification et la p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 du mod\u00e8le.<\/p>\n

Jean-Claude Driant<\/strong>
\nNovembre 2022<\/p>\n


\n

[1]<\/a> Celui de Bernard Vorms\u00a0: http:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/2020\/02\/les-metamorphoses-de-la-dissociation-fonciere-du-brilo-au-bail-reel-libre\/ <\/a>Celui d\u2019Arnaud Bouteille et Bernard Villemade\u00a0: http:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/2020\/02\/la-dissociation-du-foncier-et-du-bati-est-elle-concevable-sans-subventions-publiques\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> On trouve une synth\u00e8se de ces r\u00e9flexions dans B. Coloos, Statuts atypiques d\u2019occupation du logement\u00a0: une r\u00e9ponse pertinente<\/em>, PUCA, 2001.<\/p>\n

[3]<\/a> J.-P. Attard Un logement fonci\u00e8rement solidaire\u00a0: le mod\u00e8le des Community Land Trusts<\/em>, Mouvement, 2013\/2. https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-mouvements-2013-2-page-143.htm<\/a><\/p>\n

[4]<\/a> Les plafonds de prix de vente sont les m\u00eames que pour les PSLA (cf note 5)<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a> Par exemple, en 2022 pour un couple avec un enfant en premi\u00e8re couronne francilienne, le revenu fiscal de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence annuel du m\u00e9nage ne doit pas d\u00e9passer 78\u00a0497 \u20ac, ou encore 57\u00a0192 \u20ac dans les autres m\u00e9tropoles et grandes agglom\u00e9rations fran\u00e7aises<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a> G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement l\u2019indice du co\u00fbt de la construction<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a> Le Cerema met r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement \u00e0 jour une carte des OFS agr\u00e9\u00e9s ou en projet\u00a0: http:\/\/outil2amenagement.cerema.fr\/etat-des-lieux-la-carte-des-organismes-fonciers-a1955.html<\/a> et l\u2019association Foncier solidaire France met en ligne une liste \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s \u00e0 jour\u00a0: http:\/\/www.foncier-solidaire.fr\/index.php\/le-reseau\/les-ofs-agrees\/<\/a><\/p>\n

[8]<\/a> Plaine Commune et Est Ensemble sont des \u00e9tablissements publics territoriaux de la m\u00e9tropole du Grand Paris\u00a0; ils regroupent chacun neuf communes du d\u00e9partement populaire de Seine-Saint-Denis et jouxtent la Ville de Paris au nord et \u00e0 l\u2019est.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a> V. Le Rouzic, Essais sur la post-propri\u00e9t\u00e9 : les organismes de foncier solidaire face au d\u00e9fi du logement abordable<\/em>, th\u00e8se de doctorat de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Paris 1, 2019.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Comment la forme nouvelle d\u2019accession \u00e0 la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 qu’est le BRS se d\u00e9veloppe-t-elle en France ? Quelles questions pose-t-elle ?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[21],"tags":[164,163,162],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11919"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11919"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11919\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12127,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11919\/revisions\/12127"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11919"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11919"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11919"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}