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{"id":11845,"date":"2022-11-22T15:56:11","date_gmt":"2022-11-22T14:56:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/?p=11845"},"modified":"2023-01-25T10:34:01","modified_gmt":"2023-01-25T09:34:01","slug":"lobsolescence-culturelle-des-grands-ensembles-obere-leur-possible-rehabilitation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/logement.web-pme.fr\/2022\/11\/lobsolescence-culturelle-des-grands-ensembles-obere-leur-possible-rehabilitation\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019obsolescence culturelle des grands ensembles ob\u00e8re leur possible \u00ab r\u00e9habilitation \u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"

 <\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Ne leur collez pas une \u00e9tiquette pour toujours\u00a0!\u00a0\u00bb Certains auront peut-\u00eatre vu cette communication du Secours Populaire dans le m\u00e9tro, avec l\u2019image d\u2019un enfant, un post it \u00ab\u00a0pauvre\u00a0<\/em>\u00bb coll\u00e9 sur son front. Et pourtant c\u2019est bien ce qui se passe lorsque vous \u00eates r\u00e9sident d\u2019un grand ensemble. Vous \u00eates \u00e9tiquet\u00e9 par l\u2019architecture de votre lieu de r\u00e9sidence, marqu\u00e9e comme l\u2019habitat des pauvres.
\nCette forme urbaine des grands ensembles, caract\u00e9ris\u00e9e par ses tours et barres qui colonisent les p\u00e9riph\u00e9ries des villes, est devenue dans nos repr\u00e9sentations collectives, l\u2019arch\u00e9type de l\u2019habitat des rel\u00e9gu\u00e9s, de ceux qui n\u2019ont pas d\u2019autres choix que de vivre \u00ab\u00a0l\u00e0\u00a0\u00bb o\u00f9 plus personne n\u2019a envie d\u2019habiter.
\nEn se distinguant parfaitement par leur \u00e9chelle, leur masse, leur r\u00e9p\u00e9titivit\u00e9 architecturale en rupture avec le tissu urbain alentour, vous savez que vous p\u00e9n\u00e9trez, que vous habitez, un territoire diff\u00e9rent aux contours parfaitement d\u00e9limitables, formant une entit\u00e9 s\u00e9par\u00e9e et marqu\u00e9e \u00ab espace des exclus \u00bb.
\nAujourd\u2019hui l\u2019architecture des grands ensembles est devenue l\u2019embl\u00e8me des \u00ab\u00a0cit\u00e9s\u00a0\u00bb, des quartiers difficiles, de la \u00ab\u00a0crise des banlieue\u00a0\u00bb. Et ce quelle que soit la diversit\u00e9 de leurs situations urbaines ou sociales, de la richesse des relations sociales qui peuvent parfois s\u2019y d\u00e9ployer.<\/p>\n

Les grands ensembles sont devenus un facteur de marquage social.
\n<\/strong>Il n\u2019en a pas toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 ainsi. Les grands ensembles sont n\u00e9s de l\u2019utopie r\u00e9alisatrice d\u2019une modernit\u00e9 du logement qui a pu attirer \u00e0 ces d\u00e9buts des m\u00e9nages heureux de quitter des taudis, de se projeter dans un avenir qui s\u2019annon\u00e7ait meilleur, avec d\u2019autres habitants qui d\u00e9butaient un parcours r\u00e9sidentiel dans un environnement remplissant tous les conditions de confort, d\u2019espace, de soleil\u2026 Cette image de modernit\u00e9, on le sait, n\u2019a pas dur\u00e9 beaucoup plus d\u2019une ou deux d\u00e9cennies. Y compris dans ces banlieues \u00ab\u00a0rouges\u00a0\u00bb qui s\u2019enorgueillissaient d\u2019y accueillir le progr\u00e8s social (Tissot, 2003)<\/em>. Tr\u00e8s vite l\u2019image s\u2019est retourn\u00e9e[1]<\/a>. Et ces grands ensembles sont eux-m\u00eames devenus le symbole de la crise des banlieues qu\u2019ils \u00e9taient cens\u00e9s r\u00e9soudre en r\u00e9sorbant le mal logement des faubourgs d\u00e9grad\u00e9s et des bidonvilles d\u2019apr\u00e8s-guerre (Canteux, 2014).
\n<\/em>Ce retournement de notre repr\u00e9sentation des grands ensembles pass\u00e9s de la modernit\u00e9 au d\u00e9classement et \u00e0 la stigmatisation, engluant leurs habitants dans une assimilation collective \u00e0 la rel\u00e9gation sociale, \u00e0 l\u2019exclusion, est bien d\u2019abord le signe d\u2019une disqualification d\u00e9finitive, d\u2019une obsolescence devenue d\u2019ordre culturel.
\nObsolescence, nul n\u2019en doute. On y admet plus commun\u00e9ment des facteurs de d\u00e9gradation technique, une mauvaise qualit\u00e9 constructive, des dysfonctionnements urbains ou de gestion, voire des ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de cristallisation sociale en certains lieux. Mais tous ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments sont devenus subordonn\u00e9s \u00e0 une disqualification plus globalisante, plus essentialisante, qui affecte ces quartiers. Ils ont perdu toute valeur d\u2019habiter au sens o\u00f9 l\u2019habiter int\u00e8gre, bien au-del\u00e0 de la vertu de se loger, des dimensions fonctionnelles, mais aussi sociales et symboliques (Allen, Bonetti, 2018)<\/em>. Ces quartiers gardent pour certains une valeur refuge, mais ils ne sont plus sur le \u00ab\u00a0march\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb (Genestier, Baudin, 2006)<\/em>. Et m\u00eame lorsque ceux-ci ne sont pas toujours affubl\u00e9s du titre extr\u00eame de ghetto, ils sont souvent le secteur urbain le plus d\u00e9qualifi\u00e9, qui rassemble ceux qui n\u2019ont aucun autre choix de leur habitat. Ils ne correspondent plus aux aspirations au bien-\u00eatre r\u00e9sidentiel. Ces cit\u00e9s populaires sont devenues impopulaires.
\nLeur obsolescence a pris cette empreinte culturelle d\u00e8s lors que nos repr\u00e9sentations collectives ont universellement caract\u00e9ris\u00e9, assimil\u00e9 cette forme urbaine ais\u00e9ment distinguable, distinctive, \u00e0 celle de l\u2019exclusion d\u2019une population. Une architecture finalement \u00ab\u00a0pauvre\u00a0\u00bb qui colle aux pauvres.
\n\u00ab\u00a0Il suffit de changer l\u2019image\u00a0!\u00a0\u00bb, nous dit-on.\u00a0 Arr\u00eater de stigmatiser, de se focaliser sur la crise, sur les violences, et valoriser toute la richesse que l\u2019on y trouve \u00e9galement, les jeunes espoirs qui \u00e9mergent. Mais il ne suffit plus d\u2019en appeler au bon journalisme, \u00e0 une r\u00e9habilitation m\u00e9diatique.
\nCette obsolescence culturelle puise ses assises dans la rupture revendiqu\u00e9e avec les conventions urbaines qui aura finalement \u00e9chou\u00e9 \u00e0 entrainer le changement esp\u00e9r\u00e9 de nos mentalit\u00e9s sur l\u2019essence du \u00ab\u00a0bon habiter\u00a0\u00bb. La modernit\u00e9 un temps souveraine, \u00ab\u00a0disruptive\u00a0\u00bb, de ces quartiers a \u00e9t\u00e9 bas\u00e9e sur une inversion totale des valeurs urbaines (Pinson, 2000<\/em>). L\u2019abandon de la rue, \u00e9chang\u00e9e au profit d\u2019un \u00e9tirement d\u00e9mesur\u00e9 d\u2019espaces libres sans statuts, souvent d\u00e9laiss\u00e9s et ing\u00e9rables. La rupture d\u2019\u00e9chelle, le gigantisme, provoquant finalement une ali\u00e9nation du collectif et une \u00ab\u00a0monumentalisation du logement\u00a0\u00bb (Pinson, 1996)<\/em> qui contrevient au symbolisme urbain s\u00e9culaire qui veut que les \u00e9difices publics dominent l\u2019habitat priv\u00e9. Cette perte de l\u2019intimit\u00e9 que ne procurent plus ces immeubles pos\u00e9s sans sens, sans face \u00ab de repr\u00e9sentation \u00bb et sans \u00ab arri\u00e8re-cour \u00bb, dont vous n\u2019\u00e9chappez jamais au panoptisme social qui vous met \u00e0 la vue de tous depuis la multitude des fen\u00eatres vous observant de haut. Il est largement temps d\u2019admettre que cette r\u00e9volution des modes d\u2019habiter promue par Le Corbusier et formalis\u00e9e par ses disciples dans des compositions spatiales plus ou moins conformes, s\u2019est heurt\u00e9e \u00e0 la r\u00e9sistance passive des urbains qui ont finalement fui ou rejet\u00e9 ces quartiers, ayant en t\u00eate d\u2019autres aspirations pour leur toit que cette r\u00e9ponse fonctionnelle \u00e0 leurs \u00ab besoins \u00bb humains auxquels on pr\u00e9tendait r\u00e9pondre. L\u2019homme n\u2019a pas r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 habiter la \u00ab machine \u00bb, et son mode d\u2019emploi norm\u00e9 et normalisateur (Paquot, 2019)<\/em>. Il n\u2019a pas suffi de r\u00e9pondre un temps aux standards minimaux de confort, d\u00e8s lors que l\u2019on contrevenait, en fin de compte aux aspirations collectives profondes.
\nOn r\u00e9torquera que ce sont les mouvements de population qui se sont op\u00e9r\u00e9s dans ces quartiers qui les ont fait glisser vers une paup\u00e9risation continue, vers une \u00ab sp\u00e9cialisation sociale \u00bb devenant stigmatisante. Un plus pauvre rempla\u00e7ant un pauvre, voire un \u00ab \u00e9tranger \u00bb rempla\u00e7ant un ancien \u00ab \u00e9tranger \u00bb. Et qu\u2019ainsi il s\u2019agirait bien plus d\u2019une logique sociale, qui serait le vecteur d\u00e9terminant de la d\u00e9gradation de l\u2019image des grands ensembles. Il est vrai que la repr\u00e9sentation de ces quartiers s\u2019est aliment\u00e9e du cours des \u00e9volutions de leur \u00ab peuplement \u00bb pour y faire dominer l\u2019opprobre du \u00ab ghetto \u00bb fix\u00e9e par l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur et finalement internalis\u00e9e (Oblet, 2008)<\/em>.
\nMais ce mouvement r\u00e9el de pr\u00e9carisation des populations log\u00e9es n\u2019est pas purement la cons\u00e9quence de fautes de gestion comme on l\u2019entend trop souvent. Il n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 strictement \u00ab\u00a0administr\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb par les HLM ou les villes dans une mauvaise politique de \u00ab\u00a0peuplement\u00a0\u00bb. Il n\u2019est qu\u2019\u00e0 voir les sanctions plus violentes encore produites par le \u00ab\u00a0march\u00e9\u00a0\u00bb dans les grandes copropri\u00e9t\u00e9s d\u00e9grad\u00e9es. Ce lent et continu mouvement de remplacement de population est d\u2019abord la r\u00e9sultante d\u2019une multiplication en cha\u00eene de choix r\u00e9sidentiels individuels de m\u00e9nages, d\u2019abords primo arrivants puis de leurs suivants puis encore de leurs suivants qui n\u2019ont eu de cesse de vouloir enfin quitter ces quartiers, d\u2019aspirer \u00e0 d\u2019autres types d\u2019habitat ou de ne plus se reconnaitre dignement dans cet urbanisme. De ne plus y trouver valeur \u00e0 leurs yeux.
\nCe qui dicte les choix des gens, d\u00e8s lors qu\u2019ils acc\u00e8dent \u00e0 cette libert\u00e9, c\u2019est la repr\u00e9sentation qu\u2019ils ont de leur dignit\u00e9, de leur bonheur de vivre et l\u2019aspiration \u00e0 retrouver un mod\u00e8le d\u2019habitat conforme aux valeurs communes et reconnues. Un \u00ab\u00a0id\u00e9al\u00a0\u00bb d\u2019habitat qui reste ancr\u00e9 dans notre culture anthropologique en nous faisant dire invariablement que l\u2019on rentre \u00ab\u00a0\u00e0 la maison\u00a0\u00bb quel que soit le type de logement qu\u2019on habite.
\nCertes, quand ils s\u2019en \u00e9chappent, peu s\u2019expriment en mettant en cause explicitement la forme urbaine des grands ensembles et l\u2019inversion des valeurs urbaines sur laquelle, elle est fond\u00e9e. Mais tout y renvoie \u00e0 une perception d\u2019un lieu r\u00e9prouv\u00e9\u00a0: densit\u00e9, perte de l\u2019intimit\u00e9, anonymat impossible, sentiment d\u2019ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 des lieux, gigantisme et ali\u00e9nation d\u2019un collectif impos\u00e9, absence d\u2019un \u00ab\u00a0quant \u00e0 soit\u00a0\u00bb possible, \u2026 (CES de l\u2019ANRU, 2014)<\/em>. Tr\u00e8s vite, d\u00e8s l\u2019origine ou presque, ce sont bien des termes \u00e0 caract\u00e9risation spatiale, urbains, tels que \u00ab\u00a0cages \u00e0 lapin\u00a0\u00bb, \u00ab\u00a0cit\u00e9 dortoir\u00a0\u00bb qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 appliqu\u00e9s dans le langage commun \u00e0 ces quartiers. Ils ont ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9 rattrap\u00e9s et d\u00e9pass\u00e9s par de nouveaux termes plus stigmatisant encore, tels que \u00ab\u00a0ghettos\u00a0\u00bb
[2]<\/a>, \u00e0 connotation plus sociale[3]<\/a>.
\nCes grands ensembles ne souffrent pas tant d\u2019une obsolescence de leur logement, de leur qualit\u00e9 technique, ni d\u2019une mauvaise politique de peuplement qu\u2019il suffirait d\u2019inverser. Ils p\u00e2tissent de cette obsolescence culturelle, que manifestent une repr\u00e9sentation collective d\u00e9class\u00e9e, une perte absolue d\u2019attractivit\u00e9 dont il a r\u00e9sult\u00e9 un lent \u00e9cr\u00e9mage social. Les populations qui en avaient les ressources quittant ces lieux au profit d\u2019autres populations qui ne peuvent que se r\u00e9soudre \u00e0 venir habiter l\u00e0.\u00a0 Cette architecture conserve une valeur d\u2019usage en ce qu\u2019elle loge utilement des gens, bien s\u00fbr. Mais sa valeur symbolique quant \u00e0 elle, d\u00e9signe, connote n\u00e9gativement et indique \u00e0 ses habitants leur place sociale. Ils vivent l\u00e0, renvoy\u00e9s dans la hi\u00e9rarchie territoriale \u00e0 la fraction de l\u2019espace urbain la plus d\u00e9consid\u00e9r\u00e9e, o\u00f9 nul ne reconnait plus de r\u00e9elle valeur d\u2019habiter. Cette forme urbaine est devenue l\u2019arch\u00e9type de l\u2019exclusion territoriale.
\nCette obsolescence a atteint un seuil qui ob\u00e8re toute hypoth\u00e8se de \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9habilitation\u00a0\u00bb de ces quartiers, sans modification profonde de leur morphologie et de leurs fonctions. \u00a0Non pas au sens technique o\u00f9 il faudrait s\u2019interdire d\u2019y ravaler les immeubles ou d\u2019y am\u00e9liorer logements et parties communes. Il y a toujours n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019apporter dignit\u00e9 et confort aux populations qui y r\u00e9sident. Il est vain de croire qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019instar d\u2019autres types de quartiers d\u00e9qualifi\u00e9s, tels que les centres urbains ou les faubourgs anciens qui ont retrouv\u00e9 un attrait social et urbain par un investissement sur le confort des logements et une valorisation des espaces publics, les grands ensembles pourraient eux aussi connaitre ce type de r\u00e9surgence, de r\u00e9habilitation urbaine. Il y manque structurellement la valeur patrimoniale, la valeur historique et symbolique et la position urbaine de ces tissus anciens de ville, qui leur ont permis, par la seule remise en \u00e9tat du b\u00e2ti et des espaces publics, de sortir de leur spirale sociale de d\u00e9gradation.
\nOn connait ces tentatives de r\u00e9habilitation architecturale de quelques grandes barres d\u2019immeubles, percement de \u00ab\u00a0fen\u00eatres urbaines\u00a0\u00bb \u00e0 la Courneuve, \u00ab\u00a0\u00e9cr\u00eatement oblique\u00a0\u00bb \u00e0 Besan\u00e7on, adjonctions d\u2019escaliers ou de volumes ext\u00e9rieurs en fa\u00e7ade, \u00e0 Orly ou Aubervilliers, qui se sont finalement sold\u00e9es par des d\u00e9molitions.
\nD\u00e8s lors que l\u2019on cherche \u00e0 insuffler plus de mixit\u00e9 sociale dans ces grands ensembles, ou plus fondamentalement encore, que l\u2019on ne se complait plus \u00e0 \u00e9tiqueter les populations les plus d\u00e9favoris\u00e9es de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 par leur habitat, il sera n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019en recomposer fortement le paysage, de dissoudre cette forme urbaine stigmatisante et historiquement obsol\u00e8te, dans la neutralit\u00e9 bienveillante du tissu urbain environnant.
\nIl ne s\u2019agit pas de ne s\u2019attaquer qu\u2019au territoire et de d\u00e9laisser pour autant les situations sociales de ceux qui l\u2019habitent. Mais on ne peut s\u2019\u00e9vertuer \u00e0 r\u00e9duire les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s socio-\u00e9conomiques des gens en les laissant vivre par ailleurs dans un cadre b\u00e2ti qui les rappelle constamment \u00e0 une communaut\u00e9 de destin, \u00e0 leur statut de rel\u00e9gu\u00e9s.
\nLa r\u00e9novation urbaine n\u00e9cessaire de ces grands ensembles est une \u00e9tape historique, universellement appliqu\u00e9e, de la politique de la ville, qui s\u2019attache \u00e0 la mutation et la qualification physique de ces quartiers et \u00e0 l\u2019apport que cela peut repr\u00e9senter pour les populations r\u00e9sidentes, que de vivre plus commun\u00e9ment en \u00ab\u00a0ville\u00a0\u00bb et non plus dans son arri\u00e8re-cour mentale.
\nLa r\u00e9novation urbaine doit \u00eatre \u00e9valu\u00e9e \u00e0 sa juste place. La question n\u2019est pas de savoir s\u2019il est fallacieux de s\u2019obstiner \u00e0 chercher un rem\u00e8de spatial \u00e0 une question qui serait en fait sociale (Bellanger, Collet, Desage, Gilbert, 2018)<\/em>, ni un rem\u00e8de social \u00e0 ce qui commence comme une question urbaine mais de combiner tous les types de rem\u00e8des pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 une question sociale qui puise des racines dans une question urbaine.
\nIl faut consid\u00e9rer la r\u00e9novation urbaine comme une dynamique de gestion urbaine et non pas comme le vecteur unique de la r\u00e9solution de la question sociale. Il s\u2019agit finalement d\u2019une politique de gestion urbaine qui s\u2019attaque \u00e0 l\u2019obsolescence de territoires socialement et culturellement marqu\u00e9s, et de ce fait leurs habitants, du sceau du rejet. Chacun sait que la gestion urbaine est un processus continu. Il ne faut pas craindre de penser que ce processus doive encore se poursuivre sur un temps long.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric WINTER
\n<\/strong>Novembre 2022<\/p>\n

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Bibliographie\u00a0:<\/p>\n